Fault Analysis of Injection SubstationUsing Symmetrical Component MethodA Case Study of Mofor Injection Substation, Delta State, Nigeria

This study centers on the fault analysis of 15MVA Mofor Injection Substation, which is an Injection Substation located in Warri, Delta state, Nigeriawhich gets its source from PTI transmission station. Mofor Injection substation has two outgoing feeders which are Orhuwhorun feeder and Ekete feeder. The analysis was carried out and deductions were made considering the various faults which occurred during the period of assessment and their associated fault current was calculated using symmetrical Component method of Fault analysis. Amodel of the distribution network was made using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program(ETAP); the value of real and reactive powers and voltage magnitudes in the whole network wereobserved. Thedata obtained from the injection substation indicates that Orhuwhorun feeder has a higher frequency of fault and from results obtained from Symmetrical method of fault analysis revealed that double Line to ground fault has the highest fault current and could cause adverse damages to equipments’and as such must be avoided. The fault current calculated from Symmetrical component method of Fault analysis was validated with computer program MATLAB as results agreed closely since error was below 0.1%.This paper analyzes several faults from an injection substation. The distribution network was modelled in ETAP, observing values for active and reactive power and voltage magnitude

Exploring The Gaps In Renewable Energy Integration To Grid

ArticleThe continued integration of diverse renewable energy sources into the power grid has led to a significant decrease in power system inertia, thus resulting in several challenges in the electric power system such as frequency instability and sharp rise in rate of change of frequency (rocof). In order to combat these challenges, several technologies such as the use of energy storage systems, hybrid energy storages system and hybrid systems have been used to provide fast frequency response and regulation. This paper gives a comprehensive review of these technologies thus highlighting their applications, merits and demerits for frequency regulation in renewable energy sourced grid. Furthermore, the research reveals that hybridized system provides better characteristics than singly sourced renewable energy system, therefore the best suited hybrid system can be formed based on the desired power grid characteristics and specific power requirement. Finally, it was revealed that FESS, SMES and SCES have similar characteristics, nonetheless, their characteristics is complimentary to that of BESS, CAES and PHES technology, and so a hybrid combination comprising of BESS and SCES could be best suited for fast frequency response in renewable energy sourced grid

Optimization of an Expanded Nigeria Electricity Grid System using Economic Load Dispatch

The objective of an economical and reliable power system is to ensure that customer’s load requirements are met at a reduced cost of generation. Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) determines the power output of each thermal power plant, which minimizes the overall cost of fuel needed to serve the entire system load. This study carried out an optimization analysis on the economical distribution of loads on the existing and expanded thermal plants. The optimization analysis was carried out by formulating ELD problem using MATLAB software packages. This was with a view of developing a dynamic load scheduling between the aforementioned, in order to reduce cost, enhance overall performance and reliability of the system. The obtained result shows it is efficient and costeffective to operate and generate power in the expanded grid. Correspondingly, the expansion of the grid to include new thermal plants of Olorunsogo, Omotoso and Geregu eased the load stress on the old plants of Afam, Egbin, Sapele and Ughelli: thereby mitigating the effect of power transmission loss and offsetting the total cost of generation

DEVELOPMENT OF AN ARDUINO-BASED OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR AN UNMANNED VEHICLE

The use of autonomous systems in the world to perform relevant and delicate task is fast growing. However, its application in various fields cannot be over emphasized. This paper presents an obstacle detection and avoidance system for an unmanned Lawnmower. The system consists of two (Infrared and Ultrasonic) sensors, an Arduino microcontroller and a gear DC motor. The ultrasonic and infrared sensors are implemented to detect obstacles on the robot’s path by sending signals to an interfaced microcontroller. The micro-controller redirects the robot to move in an alternate direction by actuating the motorsin order to avoid the detected obstacle. The performance evaluation of the system indicates an accuracy of 85% and 0.15 probability of failure respectively. In conclusion, an obstacle detection circuit was successfully implemented using infrared and ultrasonic sensors modules which were placed at the front of the robot to throw both light and sound waves at any obstacle and when a reflection is received, a low output is sent to the Arduino microcontroller which interprets the output and makes the robot to stop

Assessing the role of hybrid energy storage in generation expansion planning for enhanced frequency stability

As the power grid transforms towards a renewable energy dominant grid, which are associated with frequency stability challenges, it is important to combat these challenges through proper power system planning. This paper therefore investigates the impact of hybrid energy storage (HES) in enhancing the frequency stability of the modern grid. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed integer quadratic constrained programming model to minimize the system cost, while maximizing system inertia. The proposed model is then implemented on an IEEE 6-bus system, and solved using CPLEX solver in GAMS, with its performance evaluated using two study cases. Case 1 considers only the economic objective (cost), while case 2 considers both the economic objective (cost) and the technical objective (system inertia). The result show that the incorporation of HES in the generation planning model improved the overall system inertia of the system by 11% (from 6.199s in case 1, to 6.901s in case 2), however the total system cost increased by 3% (from 218M$in case 1 to 2.25M$ in case 2)